Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pathophysiology of Obesity: An Extensive Review

2022-07-14T07:41:13+00:00

Obesity refers to a medical condition where excess adipose tissue accumulates in the body to such an amount that it leads to more than 20 percent of the ideal body weight. Obesity develops due to a chronic energy imbalance between calorie consumption and expenditure. Obesity enhances the chance of different types of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, gall stones, obstructive sleep apnea, specific types of cancer, osteoarthritis, depression, obstetrical risks, gout and so on. Excess body fat causes breathlessness on mild to moderate exertion. A combination of different factors such as excessive food intake, especially fast food, sedentary life style, and genetic factors increases obesity risk. To control obesity, it is imperative to create efficient therapy plans and proactive initiatives, both of which will depend on a thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology of obesity. This review paper summarizes the pathophysiology behind obesity, which mainly includes endocrinal, genetic, epigenetic, neural, metabolic, lifestyle factors, micro-environmental factors. Understanding the pathophysiology of the rising trend of obesity epidemic requires a thorough understanding of the systems which can control energy balance in our body. Scientists are working to gain deep knowledge on the pathophysiology of obesity in order to develop effective therapy strategies for this condition, as well as to better influence the development of public policy in favour of public welfare and obesity awareness in ways that can minimise the detrimental effects of obesity on community health and economy.

Monkeypox: In Quest of Effective Vaccines

2022-09-04T08:18:15+00:00

Purpose: The main objective of the study includes various aspects of monkeypox, its biology and transmutability that are relevant for risk assessment and preparedness for a monkeypox epidemic, with an emphasis on recent progress in the understanding the virus host range, evolutionary potential, neutralization targets, and promising treatment options.

Methods: Published research including the origin, epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, transmission route, therapy, and vaccinations of monkeypox were carefully reviewed from various servers like Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate and others. Primary searches included the keywords 'monkeypox', 'Orthopox virus', 'etiology of monkeypox', 'symptoms', 'transmission', 'possibility', and 'antiviral medications' Secondary searches used 'vaccine for monkeypox', 'possible drug candidate', 'antimicrobial', 'therapeutic impact', 'pathogenesis', 'prevention', We examined relevant search results.

Results: Human monkeypox is a rare viral zoonosis indigenous to central and western Africa that has re-emerged in several nations, threatening public health. The significant number of human monkeypox cases and lack of direct ties to endemic nations after May 2022 raises worries about a probable shift in transmission pattern that might represent a wider global danger. Due to monkeypox's similarity to smallpox, smallpox vaccinations are a potential therapy for this epidemic. Antiviral medicines, vaccinia immune globulin, DNA polymerase inhibitors, anti-poxvirus monoclonal antibodies, nucleoside analogue compounds, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors are being researched to treat monkeypox. Before discussing treatment alternatives, monkeypox and smallpox differential diagnostic processes must be addressed.

Conclusion: A comprehensive understanding of the virulence and transmissibility of human monkeypox is crucial, yet epidemiological limits have rendered it infrequent and self-limiting. Further extensive research is highly recommended to find efficient vaccines against monkeypox before it’s too late.

Time to Rethink Scientifically- Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

2024-07-23T02:48:04+00:00